MPs’ second jobs have been a major point of political controversy in recent years, with many arguing that lucrative consultancy roles and corporate advisory positions create conflicts of interest and undermine democratic accountability. In 2023 the infamous Owen Paterson lobbying scandal, which exposed how sitting MPs can use their political influence for private financial gain, highlighted the broader problem of second jobs - who benefits from them, and at what cost to public trust?

But beyond the democratic concerns, there is another dimension to this debate: the gender pay disparity in MPs’ secondary income. In 2021, an investigation by Byline Times found that male MPs earned, on average, 63% more than their female colleagues from second jobs. The disparity has only widened since. In 2024, the 15 highest earners from external roles were all men, and of all MPs earning over £10,000 annually from secondary income, 74% were male.

In the past six months, the topic of UK constitutional reform has become more prominent than ever. Why? The turbulent tenure of President Donald Trump in the US has shone a spotlight on the shortcomings of constitutional checks and balances. A worrying trend has emerged, marking a decline in respect for the constitutional principles that had once been considered sacrosanct in the American political system.

Similarly, the UK - whilst not facing the same degree of constitutional erosion - has also experienced worrying signs of democratic backsliding. The traditional reliance on conventions and unwritten rules has exposed cracks in our constitutional set-up.

2021 was the beginning of the end of Boris Johnson and the start of Keir Starmer’s march to power. But for much of 2021, things looked very different, with the Conservatives holding a 10-point lead with YouGov as late as mid October. What changed all this?